Pregnancy And Breastfeeding Essay

Lisa and her husband have decided that they are ready to prepare for their first child. Lisa is 26 years old, weighs 125 pounds and is 5’6†. Lisa has been reading everything she can find on pregnancy because she knows that her prepregnancy health is important to the success of her pregnancy. She knows she should avoid alcohol, especially because alcohol is potentially toxic to the growing fetus in the first weeks of pregnancy, and she could become pregnant and not know about it right away. Lisa is not a smoker and does not take any medications. Although, she does drink 4 cups of coffee per day and drinks 3 diet cokes each day. She has already modified her diet to include some extra protein, along with more fruits and vegetables. She has always taken the herbal supplements glucosamine for her joints and ginseng for energy. She recently started taking an over-the-counter vitamin and mineral supplement. Lisa has always kept in good shape by running and yoga, and is admittedly worried about gaining too much weight during the pregnancy. She plans to continue exercising throughout her pregnancy. Answer the following questions. Women during pregnany do not recive the proper nourishment of vitamin and mineral supplemts. It is reccomended that they take a prental multiviamin mineral supplement due to the lack of calories, protein, folic acid, vitamin d, calcium, iron, iodine, and zinc in their diets. Deficiencies of these nutrients can result in deficiencies in infants such as low birth weight and reduced head size. I would recommend that Lisa should reduce her coffee and soda intake as they consist of high caffeine. Heavy caffeine use (in animal studies) showed reproductive problems such as mis carriage and birth defects. It would be safe for her to eat up to 12 ounces of fish such as tuna or salmon. The four types of fish that she should avoid are shark, swordfish, kings makerel, and Tilefish which they all contain high levels of meurcury. Consumtion of these products during pregnancy can lead to developmental delays and brain damage. It is common for pregnant women to experience morning sickness and constipation due to hormonal changes in the 1st trimester. I recommend that Lisa eat small frequent meals, eat dry crackers, and avoid food with odors to prevent nausea and vomitting. If she is undergoing constipation, the hormonal changes slow down the GI tract. She should have a high fiber diet and consume at least 8 glasses of fluids a day anlong with exercise daily.

Race Unity Speech

However, how can we appreciate our differences and grow together as a country? In Beam's Inaugural speech, he said that:† We recall that what binds this nation together Is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. † In New Zealand, as a multi-Anton of Immigrants, It Is the same for us. Maybe our parents or grandparents are from other countries, maybe we have eyes In different colors, maybe we speak another language at home, but, now, at this time, we have the same name -nit is New Zealand.We can see kinds of culture every day without having to live our country. We have blue sky, pure air, vast grassland, delicious food and lovely Kiwi birds. How lucky living in such a comfortable country! I remember the time when I was on the plane. It was my first time in NZ, there was more excitement than worry. However, when I arrived in this country Just over a year ago. I saw people in different colors speaking different languages were walking past me. It felt like a silent movie, there was no sound and I was standing among the stream of people. I was lost, all of the exciting feelings were gone, there was fear only left.I cannot imagine how I can live in such a different environment and I know nothing about It. It was a long and sleepless night before the school began. Next morning when I stepped Into the classroom, I received a warm welcome and curious glance and nothing else. I found It was not as scared as I imagined. They are nice and patient. They are interested in my hometown and would talk about themselves to me. I really appreciate them giving me a suspicious start of my new life in NZ. Now there are more and more new faces joining us. I'd like to help them and share my experience with them , Just like how I eave been treated.So the circle will go on. As a country, the most important thing is tolerance. Just like NZ, she accepts all of us and mixes us together. The world is whole and wide, as it happens, it is u s who build up a country together. We need to use our thankful hearts and smiles to smooth over those differences, take away the insecurities and grow together as a country. What can we do to create a safe and inclusive society, characterized by racial equality and freedom from violence and abuse? An old Negro spiritual sang that: Free at last, Free at last, Thank God almighty, we are free at last!A short song but full of wishes of the black. Nowadays, no matter Maori or Europeans , western or eastern, rich or poor, we are all in NZ, we all have a dream that all men are created equal. Maybe in the past, there were wars between our birth countries but the world is peaceful now, we cannot still hold the ethnic hatred tightly and never forgive. It does not mean to forget the history but not regard others from the national point. We are the person who we are. The dark chapter of the history should not be put on our shoulders. That Is not fair for us, we are Innocent. I have learnt a art icle called Going for the bread†.It Is written by a Maori writer. It shows conflicts between Maori and Europeans. Some European girls say that the little Maori girl is dirty and even European mother Just shocks the door and less her get off with her dirty lies. A kid knows nothing but they can learn everything from their parents. There is also a story about a white mother and a black driver. When they take a taxi, the white daughter asks her mother why they are in different colors. The white mother answers her peacefully:† My dear, in order to make the world colorful, God lets us human beings be different colors. Such a different answer!Parents are our first and best teacher, they should be a good model. Thus it can be seen that to create an equal society, we need to Judge others by the content of their character. Can Treaty of Waiting help all New Slanderer have a sense of belonging and connectedness? If so, how? If not, why? I think the Treaty of Waiting can help all N ew Slanderer, however, time is changing, we are not in the same situation as before. We definitely need a treaty but a new version which is more suitable to this modern society. Do you have a proverb from your own ethnic or cultural background hat related to the theme?Meniscus has said:† The time is not important as the terrain; but the terrain is not as important as the unity with people. † On first March 2014, there was a serious mishap happened in Gumming China. At around 9:20 pm local time, a group of eight knife-wielding men and women attacked passengers at the city railway station. There were 29 people killed and 143 injured. According to the following research, those assailants are Shrug Muslim terrorists. After the attack, people from all over China are giving a hand to those victim's families and ray for them especially Gaining Province where the assailants come from.Even a Shrug boy, he run on a blood donation vehicle and said deeply sorry to the others but he did nothing worry. It is a small part who has discrimination to different ethnics and only a few bit people of the small part will take extreme action to hurt the innocent. As the same time we accuse the assailants, we cannot pour our anger on the people who are from the same place with the criminals. In the end, I want to say: I have a dream today, I hope with our effort, one day the war would end and let freedom ring from all over New Zealand.

Brannigan Foods

Suggested Strategy 1) Raise Investments in Dry Soups / Healthier Soups / Fast Meals 2) Increase advertising investment in Fast Simple Soup meals and Heart Healthy Soup line. ïÆ'   Fast Simple Soup meals addresses the market demand created by professionals and working mothers looking for quick, healthy meal. Sales of this line are growing @ 12%. Interesting to see this is growing without advertising so why spend? ïÆ'   Heart Healthy Soup line with low-sodium is well positioned to address the concerns of the over-50 consumers. 3) Provide promotional couponing and sampling of hot new flavors, in particular dry mix Gazpacho and Teriyaki Beef Fast Simple meal. Why these two? ïÆ'   Gazpacho increases sales during warmer months, decreasing seasonality. ïÆ'   Teriyaki beef positions company in fast growing Asian soups category. 4) Continue to promote dry soups, even if they cannibalize Ready-to-Eat (RTE) soups. Bottom Line Srikant wants to increase advertising and promo spending by $18 million. He thinks this should help stop the slide in sales and market share, but this will also reduce next year’s profits. Whats wrong with this proposal? The CEO will not like that profits will be revised downward in 2013. Plus although the trend in the future was toward healthier options, it didn’t necessarily mean this will come to fruition as close to 70% of the US was overweight and interested in changing their eating habits so why chase a trend which may not even be working? Claire Mackey – Director of Finance Planning Suggested Strategy MA, Claire wants to buy a small competitor who offers healthy and more convenient soups as well as flavors that are gaining in popularity (Mexican, Southeast Asian) Bottom Line Claire likes Red Dragon Foods the best; they have $36 million in sales EBITDA $4.2million. Acquisition will probably add around 1.5 to 3.5% to sales within five years. Red Dragon will cannibalize less than 0.3% of total sales. Acquisition would be reasonably cheap in terms of hitting profit. Clark is looking for minimum ROI of 10% after five years of sales. What’s wrong with this proposal? The company acquired Annabelle’s Foods soups division five years ago and that acquisition had high hopes as well, the acquisition has been a nightmare since. It was only supposed to take two years to breakeven but it ended up taking five. Anna Chong Head of R D / Chief Innovation Officer Strategy Best option isn’t to buy another company with products they can easily duplicate Milk the cash cows and invest in rising stars. Increase ad and promo support spending for new products. Helps longer term. Develop new products internally instead of buying a company! Increased spending for the new Ready to Eat (RTE) products from RD including Raise RD budget to $19 million from $14 million to increase pace of new product creation and development. (Examples in case) Bottom Line Invest in the company, don’t buy another brand, focus on what you have and put $ into RD What’s wrong with this proposal? Many new products are bombs, as in the past. Low success rate for new products in the industry. However, Anna had some good ideas as the innovation was taking off from a customer standpoint. New RTE flavors were a good dieas as they can increase price per can to $0.10 which means net earnings will be increase of $12 million after spending 6% of the proposed advertising budget just for these specific new prodcuts. Bob Pugh, VP Sales Marketing Strategy Take a $0.05 cent price per can cut on the core RTE wet soups. These account for 64% of division sales and 71% of total profit. (This will eat into profits) Increase Advertising and Promo budget by $20 million to get back market share for the brand, as it was taken away in recent years due to slowdown in AP spend. Bottom Line What’s wrong with the proposal?

Persuasive Speech on Milk or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive on Milk - Speech or Presentation Example These perspectives turn our world upside down. Preview: Today I will talk to you about the health risks and problems associated with drinking milk. I have four main points I would like to discuss: 1. What is commonly believed and claimed about milk 2. Debunking the myths—what is really true 3. The health risks posed by milk 4. Quitting milk—alternatives and effects To begin, let's look at what is claimed in the advertisements we see, such as those showing the â€Å"milkstache† and asking—got milk? II. Body A. Point 1: Got milk? The ads are everywhere: 1. They use celebrities and sports stars—this is trying to use public figures as a form of persuasive 2. They suggest that milk is integral to the diet, and thus it is a campaign to encourage drinking milk without in depth persuasion 3. They go unchallenged in public—considered common knowledge, and don't explain their facts B. Claims 1. Milk helps muscle recover after workouts 2. Milk cuts PMS symptoms in half 3. Milk reduces risk of bone disease 4. Milk reduces risk of bone fracture 5. Other minor benefits—healthy hair, skin, teeth, better sleep C. Why should we question these claims? 1. This information comes from a lobbying campaign 2. This information is meant to sell product primarily, not just inform 3. It is best to get information from multiple sources 4. Getting milk info from milk companies is like getting smoking information from cigarette companies—conflict of interest D. Point 2: What do others say about the Got milk? Claims? 1. A recent study by the US Department of Agriculture found that: a. Milk doesn't benefit sports performance b. No evidence says milk is good for bones or prevents bone disease 2. Dr. Walter Willet of Harvard School of Public Health says: a. Milk doesn't reduce fractures b. Less dairy means better bones c. Vitamin D is more important than calcium for preventing fractures d. Calcium has benefits, but dairy itself doesn't 3. Amy Lanou Ph.D., nutrition director for the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine in Washington, D.C says: â€Å"the connection between dairy consumption and bone health is almost nonexistent† 4. Essentially, Got milk? Makes dubious claims to support milk industry sales— and is not 100% accurate or true E. Point 3: Why milk is bad for you 1. Milk adds acidity to the body—the body weakens bones by taking calcium from them to protect kidneys from this acidity—hence milk drains calcium from bones 2. A 1994 study in the American Journal of Epidemiology said: â€Å"Consumption of dairy products, particularly at age 20 years, was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in old age† 3. Dr. Amy Lanou again adds: â€Å"The countries with the highest rates of osteoporosis are the ones where people drink the most milk and have the most calcium in their diets† – so it is associated, and correlates with osteoporosis 4. Dr. Walter Willet found that high dairy intake increases risk of male prostate cancer 5. Milk is also full of saturated fat—linked to heart disease 6. Dairy aggravates irritable bowel syndrome 7. Dr. Mark Hyman says it may also contribute to allergies, sinus and ear infections, Type 1 Diabetes, and Anemia in children 8. Our bodies—

Upper and Lower Class Neighborhoods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Upper and Lower Class Neighborhoods - Essay Example This gap has contributed to the several social classes that exist in the present communities. Affluent neighborhoods have several differences and similarities from the lower class neighborhoods (Cubbin et.al, 2008). The difference between the upper class neighborhoods and the lower class result due to better facilities, resources, and services. Because of these differences, the gap between the two keeps widening. The upper class lives in secure neighborhoods, and has access to the best facilities and public services. On the contrary, the lower class lacks access to basic public services. The upper class neighborhoods have a markedly high access to recreational areas and parks. The people inhabiting these regions live in luxurious houses and in close proximity are all sorts of recreational places. There are sporting fields and clubs, gymnasiums, saunas, swimming pools and clubs in upper class regions. For example, golf clubs exist in rich suburbs and golf fans are affluent people. In addition, the rich enjoy frequent visits to parks and gardens and get an opportunity to relax and focus on nature and themselves. On the other hand, the lower class lacks access to such luxurious recreational facilities and parks. These are not available in their neighborhoods and even if they were, it would be too costly to access them. Their income does not allow them to stretch to these recreational facilities. Recreational facilities available in the lower class neighborhoods are small, overcrowded and do not meet the standards of the rich. There exists a concern on the huge differenc e between the school programs in the upper class regions and the lower class neighborhoods. Children born to the affluent enjoy an inclusive and all round education system. In their neighborhoods, schools offer the best as long as their parents can pay. In the upper class neighborhoods, the expected teacher student ratios exist. The school program is usually more accommodating and students receive considerable attention from their teachers. Integrated into the system are recreational subjects that diversify the options available to the affluent students. These schools have the capacity and resources required to nurture the young minds to become reliable independent individuals. These students enjoy quality education. On the other hand, school programs in the lower class regions do not meet the international education standards. There are too many students and fewer teachers. These schools lack adequate facilities that would enable the children to have access to quality education. Ch ildren sent to these schools have to struggle to excel. In the upper class neighborhoods, children have access to equipped local and international libraries. These libraries expose the children to a broad variety of reading materials. Children in these regions can do their research without much strain. On the other hand, it is saddening to realize that children in the lower class neighborhoods lack access to reading material. There are fewer libraries, which apparently do meet quality standards, and the reading material available is not diverse to address the varying needs of the students. In affluent neighborhoods, there are luxurious and classy restaurants where the rich have access to exotic, modern, and traditional dishes and a wide variety of drinks. In these restaurants, prices of food and drinks only favor the rich. These restaurants practice the most current code

American Type Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Type Painting - Essay Example Greenberg notes that although painting had started showing signs of modernization earlier than other arts, there are several expandable conventions embedded in the art of painting. There are a great number of conventions that artists cannot isolate and this difficulty in isolation makes painting difficult to expand and change. The author reiterates that the law of modernization is to recognize and immediately discard the facets of a medium that are not essential for its viability. The process of self-purification is observed to have come to a halt in literature as the letters have few conventions to eliminate before reaching those essential to it. Likewise, music has changed over the ages to reach an in expandable state. Most of the facets of music that can be isolated and altered or eliminated have reached the limit of change. The author makes a radical simplification with the hope that the suggested and noted simplifications may be used to overhaul the existing arts to renew vitali ty of the arts in the face of the community that is bent on rationalizing everything as well as maintain irreplaceability. Clement Greenberg was an American specialized in the field of art critic who was closely linked with the American Modern art. His work American Type painting is generally viewed as a response to the Rosenberg’s American Action Painting, but its focus is more specific. It is an observed, unrelenting and sustained attempt to refute the idea that abstract expressionist painting. has fundamentals of a break with the past. The work is a close and meticulous visual analysis to the new critics, based on the most basic element of painting rather than ideas, concepts and psychological states (Frascina, Francis, Charles Harrison & Paul, 1998). It handles the emergence and development of abstract expressionist, which mainly argues for the discrimination of color field painting linking it to impressionism rather than cubism and explains that modern art evolved while artists were perusing advanced pictorial flatness. The title of the essay shows his discomfort with abstract expressionism which he believed was erroneous. Greenberg’s piece viewed abstraction as a facet for modern painting. This is the only way for any painting work to be authentically modern. Each medium had to engage in a process of rationalization which will eventually make it distinct from other related medium. Indeed it was a necessary element of modern art work because painting was being threatened by the introduction of commerce and cliches. Figurative art and the type of anectodal subjects were frequent in the American

Diversity of Approaches Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity of Approaches - Assignment Example Most of the final products as the final works of various developers might require integration at some point of which could prove challenging. This is acceptable especially where no common ground rules have been designed to monitor and control most of the upcoming software. Technology developers, relying on hardware and software, are constantly releasing upgrades or superior hardware with improved features. For the cases where software is used to develop other applications or as a base development platform then the developer has to adjust to fit into the changes. Take the Android development platform, for instance, the entry is in constant advancement to more stable forms after some turn out to be flawed. Modeling also changes especially where fixes were developed to correct bugs or another form of loopholes. Cloud hardware is a perfect example of the growing technology where virtualized resources are run by software. The changes emerging changes must be met by the developer to run on the intended hardware. This implies that if this is not checked through the correct modeling it will be expensive to make corrections and thus the advocating for the diversity (Nunes & Cunha, 2010). A human resource firm has different needs to those requested by a telephone or internet service providing company. The diversification is also critical to ensure that the implemented model features all the required entities and emphasis is held on the development time and resources used especially for large applications. One organization would probably require the whole program sufficient to run a different business as part of their masterpiece. Incorporating both of these requires skills and extensive skills in project modeling during the software development lifecycle. The number of systems as a form of diversification does not pass the test as it is entirely covered in the different organizations has different needs, option above,

Magazine Production and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Magazine Production and Design - Essay Example We go the extra mile and do not print paper with a high ratio of the post-consumer content. In order to avoid toxicity, high energy consumption and waste disposal problems our magazine does not use chemicals to de-ink post consumer paper. X-treme Suburbia does not use virgin-fiber paper in its production. We recycle the scrap paper from our production facility into newsprint rather than white paper saving energy, water, and chemical treatment. Our vendors have obtained certifications that recognize sustainable forestry. This is a guarantee that our products adhere to strict environmental standards. We primarily use soy, a vegetable-based ink. It is extremely environmentally friendly. The printed pieces are water based aqueous that are very friendly to the environment much more than the commonly used UV coatings. Our waste is minimal since we use top grade paper, well-trained press operators, and efficient printing equipment. Our magazines pages contain over 90% recycled fiber and 30% post-consumer waste and 100% recycled content. We save millions of trees in the process. Our magazine is locally manufactured cutting on transportation costs and keeping carbon footprint low. Our paper mill uses the latest technology that lowers emissions by 90% and saving millions of gallons of water. We are currently working on the process of ISO certification. Our magazine is affordable, brighter and whiter.At X-treme Suburbia we go an extra mile in educating society about the need to take care of the environment and natural resources. The strategy of producing, designing and distributing products in different locations has been used by many organizations in the history of business. It is known as diversification, and it has several advantages and a few disadvantages. The most obvious of these advantages is that diversification enables the organization to spread its risks since it does not keep all its eggs in one basket. When all activities are crammed into one

North Korea faces an ongoing food and humanitarian crisis. As a State Essay

North Korea faces an ongoing food and humanitarian crisis. As a State Department planner, outline the political pros and cons - Essay Example Hopefully this will give an indication to the regime that the American government has a vested interest in the welfare of the people regardless of the political differences and the relationship between the two countries. Assistance to North Korea can in the long run eliminate the threat of nuclear power by the country. The February 2007 agreement between the USA and North Korea in the denuclearization process within the six-party framework should offer some glimmer of hope to the USA. The rewards given to North Korea such as promises of food and energy support should work towards an eventual change in behavior. Although North Korea is still continuing with their nuclear program the six-party talks and tangible support and promises should be consistent. In January 2009 North Korea hinted that it would curtail its nuclear program if there was an establishment of formal diplomatic relations with the USA, among other stipulations. The ultimate objective of assistance to North Korea should be for the basic human rights reasons. Humanitarian aid should be targeted at the suffering population rather than trying to create an impression on the political leaders. Aid is valuable from the western viewpoint of human rights but should not be expected to change the policies of Kim Jong While on the one hand humanitarian aid will and should benefit the people, it can also unfortunately create some advantage for the ruling regime. The totalitarian nature of the regime makes it possible for any international body to have a direct responsibility on the distribution of aid. Depending on the type of aid this can be manipulated by the political directorate and giving them more strength and power instead of providing relief for the population. History has shown that an increase of humanitarian aid to the country has not deterred the hostilities and attacks on human rights of the citizens. The

The Pros and Cons of Using Encryption as a Key Technological Solution Essay

The Pros and Cons of Using Encryption as a Key Technological Solution to Corporate Security - Essay Example Moreover, the encryption can be employed to offer high level security to e-mail, network communication, data and information stored on hard drives or any portable or mobile disks, as well as other information that necessitates safety (Cook, 2000). This paper discusses some of the main areas and aspects of encryption and its main applications, organizational implications and the evolution of old and current practices. Application of Encryption Encryption is technique of translation of information and data into a clandestine code. Additionally, the technique of encryption is the most efficient method to assure data security. In this way, to interpret an encrypted file, we should have access to a password or else secret key that facilitates us to decrypt it. Unencrypted information as well as data is known as plain text; hidden or encrypted data is known as cipher text (Webopedia, 2010). An unbelievable development of the Internet has energized companies as well as customers in a simila r way through its assurance of altering the means we subsist and work. It is very simple to purchase and sell goods all through the world using a computer or laptop. However safety and security is a main distress on the Internet, particularly when we are utilizing it to transmit sensitive data and information among diverse groups of people (Tyson, 2010). In case of Encryption techniques we need to encrypt a huge number of secret information and data. For example in case of web based business or corporate data transfer we need some sort of sensitive and high value information like credit-card information, confidential communication, social security information, susceptible business details, personal details and bank-account information. In this scenario, the information security is offered on computers and over the Internet through a multiplicity of techniques. An easy and straightforward security technique is to simply put sensitive information on removable storage media similar to moveable pen drives or peripheral hard drives. However the majority well-liked types of safety the entire depend on encryption, the procedure of hiding and encoding data and information in such a manner that just the person (or computer) that has the decoding key is able to decode the message (Tyson, 2010). Evolution of Encryption In its first kind, people have been trying to hide certain data and information that they desired to keep in their own control through alternating parts of the information by means of signs, pictures as well as numbers. Earliest Babylonian merchants employed intaglio, a part of plane stone engraved into a collection of images as well as a number of writings to recognize them in trading matters. However, through this method, they are creating what these days we recognize as 'digital signature.' The people are acquainted with that a specific 'signature' having relation to this merchant, however just he had the intaglio to generate that specified signature. C ertainly, technology nowadays has developed at such fast swiftness that requires caring for information develops by decreasing the dependability of older encryption

Comparison between devised play and Hot Money Essay Example for Free

Comparison between devised play and Hot Money Essay For our second scripted play we had to perform the farcical comedy Hot Money. This comedy is about two unintelligent bank robbers who get lost and end up finding themselves in a rundown manor. The Lord and Butler of the manor arrive home to find a suitcase of money and they both scheme to take it. The play ends with the blowing up of the house and money. My contribution to the performance was as the Butler, Phelps. I contributed to the main farcical comedy of the piece mainly through my actions. I stay in role throughout the piece even when the audience found parts amusing. The main similarity between Zoolander and Hot Money is that they are both comedies and for the purpose of entertaining people. However Hot Money being a farce made the play more extravagant and unlikely situations to happen. It had broad physical humour, and deliberate absurdity and nonsense. An example of this is when the house is blown up with Phelps inside; although the house has blown up I still remain unharmed. Zoolander also contained elements of a farce as it is a parody it imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself. For example when Derek Zoolander imitates the stereotypical male model of the 21st century. Hot Money was set in the 1920s however we performed the play as a whole with the characters more stereotypical of peoples views rather than how the characters would have been in the 1920s. This made our play was appropriate for any time period between the 1920s and now. However Zoolander is a modern film set in the 21st century and a parody of male fashion models and the people who work within that industry. There are also similarities in the themes of the plays. For a start both plays contain characters that are essentially making fun of themselves unintentionally. However, one of the differences is that the society of Hot Money ranges from the lower class stereotypical bank robbers to the very upper class Lord of the Manor, with these vastly different worlds of rich and poor both depicted in the play it meant that the audience could be amused by people who are higher up in society than them and people who were also lower down. In contrast, the society of Zoolander is, at its richest level. It contains rich male models, prime ministers and the fashion designer Mugatu. However the richness and upper-class of these characters contrast with their own stupidity and self humiliation. As Hot Money is set in the outskirts of London all the characters within this play are Londoners. The lower class had the cockney accent of 1920s and the upper class characters had an aristocratic accent. In contrast, the society of Zoolander is of the typical Americans as it is set in New York, America. Zoolander being a film has had many retakes and editing, this makes the film seem more polished and perfected than our play, Hot Money. These retakes and editing make the film seem more effective and amusing to watch to an audience. However as we were not able to retake or edit any of our play as it was performed live, this may have affected how effective it was to an audience but on the other hand as it was performed live it may have made the play seem more effective as people prefer to watch things live than on a television screen. There are many differences and similarities in the characters represented in Hot Money and Zoolander. Both contain characters which are comical to an audience, unintelligent and make fun of themselves unintentionally. The stupidity of many characters including Derek Zoolander in Zoolander and Bert in Hot Money are represented by their slow speech and length of time to react to other people and to react to happenings around them. However Zoolander does surprisingly contain sharp witted characters such as Mugatu characterised by there quick come backs and intelligence. Zoolander is very affective to an audience although as it is very over the top not all audiences may find it amusing, this is also true for Hot Money. In conclusion to this essay, I would like to say that I have learnt a lot about the difference between the two different comedies and the difference between a film and a play. At first there seemed to be a big difference between a farcical comedy and a parody but now I can there are many similarities as well.

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member Essay Example for Free

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member Essay The Presbyterian Church was founded during the 16th century during the Protest Reformation. Much of the teachings and philosophies began with John Calvin (1509-1564). Currently, the Presbyterian Church (USA), is based in Louisville, Kentucky and has about 2. 4 million members belonging to 11,100 congregations. The church also has about 14,000 ordained and active ministers. The Presbyterian Church belongs to the Presbyterian family of Churches which also includes the Reformed churches synonymous with the Calvinist tradition. In the U. S. A. , the first church was organized in 1706 and the first general assembly in 1789. The church as it stands today was the result of the reunification of the two main branches of the Presbyterian Church separated since the Civil War. The church has membership in all fifty states and Puerto Rico. 1) What sacraments do you celebrate? What rituals do you perform? Our church primarily believes in two sacraments – the sacrament of baptism and the sacrament of communion. These are the only sacraments mentioned in the Bible. The only rituals performed are baptism for newborns and for those who newly converted to the Presbyterian Church’ faith. We have no rituals, other than attending a Sunday service performed by a minister in the church structure by congregation. We celebrate our faith through singing oftentimes accompanied by the choir and a sermon delivered by the minister. 2) What are some of your most common traditions? The Presbyterian Church still practices what was started and rooted in the Bible’s teachings. We do have a general assembly that outlines our mission and goals for specific activities that the church members will undertake for a specified period of time. We abide by the decisions passed during the general assembly. We do missions inside and outside the country, more specifically in East Asia, Africa and other continents – wherever our mandates take us. We basically do preaching, teaching and healing – following Christ when he advocated for the poor, the hungry and the oppressed. 3) What beliefs distinguish your denomination from others? The Presbyterian Church (U. S. A. ) is distinctly a confessional and a connectional church, distinguished by the representation of elders-laymen and laywomen-in its government. Our church is also distinct in adhering to a separate religious thought known as Reformed Theology and a more â€Å"democratic† and representational church leadership that is now known as the General Assembly. 4) How was your church founded? Approximately twenty years after martin Luther King posted his list of 95 grievances on a Roman Catholic Church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517, a French/Swiss theologian name John Calvin refined the reformers’ manner and way of thinking about God and humankind’s relationship with God. This refined way of thinking became the basis for the foundation of the Presbyterian Church. 5) Who is the head of your church? The General Assembly meets and outlines the specific activities and guidelines for all its congregations to follow. The General Assembly consists of elders chosen by the people. The word Presbyterian means â€Å"elder† in Greek. The chosen elders exercise leadership, government, discipline and have responsibilities for the duration of the congregation. The body of elders elected to govern a particular congregation is called a session. According to the Book of Order G-6. 0302: â€Å"When elected commissioners to higher governing bodies, elders participate and vote with the same authority as ministers of the Word and Sacrament, and they are eligible for any office†¦The session is the smallest, most local governing body. The other governing bodies are presbyteries, which are composed of several churches; synods, which are composed of several presbyteries; and the General Assembly, which represents the entire denomination. Elders and ministers who serve on these governing bodies are also called presbyters. † 6) What is the role of women in your church? The Presbyterian Church adheres to the equal sharing of servitude as well as leadership to women. Women can serve as elders, deacons and head of committees. The first ordination women elders occurred in 1962 and the first ordained women ministers began as early as 1965. 7) Have you been a life-long member of your church? If you converted, can you tell me why? I was born to conservative Catholic parents. I was baptized as a Catholic but while in College, I joined a social service organization that provides services to the marginalized people in the rural areas. That was when I met a friend who introduced me to the Presbyterian way of â€Å"reformed thinking†. From then on, I closely read the Bible and everything that was taught to me since I was born, like John Calvin, I began to question. More discussions with my friend made me a convert. 8) What happens during a typical worship service? There are similarities and differences between a Catholic service and the Presbyterian worship service. The Catholic Church has prescribed a set of ceremony that begins when a priest would enter the church with his assistants or what we call altar boys. There is a set book of sermon that the priest goes over. There is also a time for communion. But in the Presbyterian Church worship service; there is more open discussion of the scriptures. The minister can provide insights and there is a more joyful environment to worship God and his teachings. The ambience is so much different. Presbyterian Church members sing their praise to God. There is no â€Å"nagging† ceremony and no confessional to attend to before partaking of the â€Å"Body of Christ†. A Sunday worship is determined by the pastor, and the session, the church’s governing body. It usually includes a combination of prayer, music, Bible reading and a sermon based upon scripture. There is also a personal response and offering and community concerns are shared as part of the worship process. 9) Do you believe those from other faiths can have salvation, or go to heaven? Yes, it is possible. John Calvin believed in predestination. We chose God because he chose us first. Hence, we cannot judge who among us will be saved or who will go to heaven because that is a judgment reserved for God only. He alone knows who will be saved. 10) What are your views of the afterlife? I believe that there is life after death but only by the grace of God and through faith. 11) How does your faith interpret the Bible? For Presbyterians, the Bible is the means by which we, as Christians can come to understand the presence of God since the beginning of time. By understanding and learning the scriptures, we can then know of God’s love, eternal goodness and constant forgiveness of our sins. 12) How often does the church call upon you to pray? How often do you pray each day? The church exhorts church members and believers to pray as much as we can – either by praying aloud, in community with others or as much as we need to. It basically depends how much an individual’s needs. 13) What does the Presbyterian seal mean or symbolize? The church seal is the symbol of the church heritage, identity and its mission. The symbols embedded in the seal are the cross, Scripture, dove and the flames. The more prominent symbol in the seal is the cross. It represents the love of God through Jesus Christ, through his sacrifice and resurrection. 14) What are your views on abortion, alcohol, and capital punishment? The 217th General Assembly of the church clarified the position on problem pregnancies and abortion. The position paper basically states that the matter of abortion is ultimately the woman’s decision. The church though appeals to all members of the church to surround problematic women contemplating decision on a problematic pregnancy with love and support. The church clarified further that on matters of health concerns that is complicated by pregnancy; they encourage the safe delivery of both the mother and the child (during late term pregnancies). With regards alcohol consumption, the general assembly of the church â€Å"does not advocate the prohibition of alcohol, a policy which would appear to attribute the entire problem to alcohol itself. Responsible and non-problematic uses of alcohol have been part of human experience and the Judeo-Christian heritage since the beginning of recorded history†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; however, the church advocates voluntary abstinence from alcohol consumption. With regards the issue of capital punishment, the most recent statement in 1985 reaffirmed the church’s position on its continuing opposition to capital punishment. 15) What are your views on sin and do you believe that God punishes humans for sins they commit? Humans are born to err and sin. But the God that I know is not vengeful. God is a forgiving God that bestows forgiveness even to those who err in their ways. The repercussions of our actions or sins on earth are enough punishment for us humans. As a conclusion give a paragraph reflection of the denomination as well as a contrast/ comparison between this denomination and Catholicism. In conclusion, the Presbyterian Church as â€Å"refined† by the studies of John Calvin deviated and differed from the Catholic Church in a lot of ways. These are as follows: 1. Presbyterians do not have a single head of Church. We do not have a pope. We have a congregation or assembly of elders whom our communities of members have chosen. 2. We do confessions by ourselves and believe that through the grace of God, and through submission of our confessions to God, we are forgiven. The Catholic Church requires confession of an individual to a priest. 3. Women are treated as equals and can be equally ordained as ministers and chosen as an elder. 4. The interpretation of the Bible is not â€Å"mystically† interpreted but through careful analysis and through scholarly studies. 5. Prayer and worship is done either individually or in community with other Presbyterian Church members – in joyful celebration of the grace and love of God. Works Cited: [1] Presbyterian Church website (USA) http://www.pcusa.org/

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Terrorism Politics Essay

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Terrorism Politics Essay Bacevichs comments regarding the ability of the United States of America to understand the conflicts it finds itself, to identify current and future threats and to prepare for the future is a symbol of the difficulty facing many states as they try and identify how to prepare their future national security policies and strategies. The challenges faced by states are reflected in the difficulties faced by academic researchers who also spend considerable time, effort and money on trying to solve the same problem. In the last ten years, a particular term has been used to describe the latest threat to global security, the Global War on Terror. The events of September 11th have brought about a greater interest in the subject of terrorism, a field of study which has grown by 85% since 1968 (SCHMID AND JONGMAN, 1988). That percentage will have increased greatly in the twenty-two years since Schmid and Jongmans study. It is surprising to consider that a greater study of terrorism was not carried out in the 1920s, considering that the Great War was started by the actions of a small and relatively unknown anarchic terrorist group. Similar to Insurgency, the field grows in strength as it becomes more widely used by actors in resistance to Western States on a large scale as the development of Western conventional warfare hegemony has grown. This essay seeks to identify where the field of terrorism studies has developed its greatest strengths and its greatest weaknesses in recent literature (defined as post 2004) and to discover whether or not the field, as it has grown ever more popular since the World Trade Centre attacks in 2001 (FRIEDRICHS, 2006), has moved on and developed. It will first discuss the question of the definition of Terrorism. It will then debate whether the habit of transient researchers has added or detracted from the field. Taking these two areas into consideration, it will consider the methodologies of Orthodox and Critical Terrorism studies and will show the development of new theories has been constrained by a use of secondary sources and the habit of lazy researching (SILKE, 2004).Finally, overall it will attempt to balance the strengths and weaknesses in the field to identify the challenges facing terrorism studies. It is important at this stage to try and define two key terms, Research and Terrorism. Research in itself is broken into three key areas; the exploratory, the descriptive and the explanatory (ROBSON, 1993). The effort of any field or discipline of study is to bring newly discovered information created from primary resources and statistics, describe it to other researchers and interested parties and then use that information to explain why events happen and then use that information to form models and theories to predict what effect may happen in the future (SILKE, 2004a). The second term to be defined is terrorism. The greatest challenge facing Terrorism research is certainly the definitional one. Schmid and questioned over one-hundred scholars to define terrorism (SCHMID AND JONGMAN, 1988). They responded with over 109 separate definitions .There is still no universal definition for terror, despite many worldwide organisations attempt to create one and despite forty years of wrangling over the subject, there has been little development. For the purposes of this essay, the use of the United Nations Security Council Shepherd Resolution 1566 definition, which refers to it as: criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act (S-RES-1566, 20 04). However, it must be remembered that this is not an official UN definition and is not used universally by UN member states. The challenges of attempting to research a subject in which no universal definition has been agreed upon will be discussed in detail below. THE DEFINITION DEBATE Before we can begin to understand Terrorism we must first of all decide what it is. Despite the actions by organisations generally described as terrorist for well over one-hundred years, the study of terrorism still suffers from the lack of a specific and legal definition of terrorism. As C. A. J. Coady wrote The definitional question is essentially irresolvable by appeal to ordinary language alone since terrorism as a concept is not ordinary (COADY, 2001). For some, such as the hegemonic power of the day (in the modern context, we should read United States) and for those fighting their own wars against separatists or insurgents using non-conventional tactics this lack of a legal definition could be used as an advantage (FRIEDRICHS, 2006). The post-2001 War on Terror during the Bush era was served by the lack of a universal definition as it allowed some nations to describe their own personal fights as part of this global war on terror. The United States, United Kingdom and even Russi a were particularly guilty of this as they implied affiliations with Arab nationals and Islamic organisations with that of terror groups and even state terror, despite there being no evidence of collaboration between the main perpetrator Al Qaeda and the Wests long term adversary Iraq. Even in Russia with the Beslan school siege, it was found that the terrorist actors had only two Arab members out of thirty-one hostage takers (DE WAAL, 2004). For the UK it was useful to secure the peace laid out in the Good Friday agreement with Irish terrorism, which had been held up by naÃÆ' ¯ve Irish-Americans believing they were supporting a cause against an Imperial power. Terrorism then in its contemporary stance, is an essentially contested concept employed to meet the needs of those applying the term (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008). For those countries opposed to the War on Terror, which for them was simply an excuse for an invasion of Iraq, a universal and legal definition of terror would give them a legal basis for preventing state intervention into countries opposing the United States and their followers economic and military hegemony (FRIEDRICHS, 2006). It is also important to note how definitions over time have changed in order to suit the time in the states dealing with terror, as any definition would not be useful without a contemporary analysis of the threat of the day. This would certainly be a demonstration of why pre-1968 terrorism was not of much of a concern as it has been post-1968: Why worry about a definition of terrorism when your concerns are of conventional threats from neighbouring states? The first attempts at defining terror came through the League of Nations after numerous assassination attempts were made in the mid 1930s, with King Alexander I of Yugoslavia assassinated by Croatian separatists while on a state visit to France (WALTERS, 1969). As the murder was found to be political, the escaped separatists hiding in Italy could not be extradited under a treaty made in 1870, which excluded political acts. It is important to note at this time, which would be a theme to follow other attempts at definition, that the final resolution by the League of Nations showed terrorism to be of a political angle: (3) to punish terrorist outrages which have an international character (SAUL, 2005). The treaty was signed by a small number of signatories, ratified by only India and never brought into law. With the advent of the Second World War and the end of the League of Nations, the resolution was quickly forgotten. It did however, set a number of important precedents: 1. That a universal definition of Terrorism needs to be reached through multilateral consensus through a forum of a worldwide organisation (in modern terms, the United Nations or possibly on a limited scale, the European Union). 2. That Terrorism was a political act. 3. That states should refrain from any act designed to encourage terrorist activities directed against another State and to prevent acts in which such activities take shape (1937, LEAGUE CONVENTION).. In effect, this banned state sponsored terrorism. 4. Finally, that acts of terrorism are acts directed against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons, or a group of persons or the general public (1937, LEAGUE CONVENTION). This eliminates the possibility of a State using terror against its own population but does allow Terrorism to be committed by a state against another state. Terrorism researches would be sharp to note that political understanding is the key aspect to understanding terror. It is also quite important to note such a resolution, should it have been enforced by signatories had it been ratified on a wider scale, would most likely have prevented state intervention on humanitarian grounds as states were not classed as being able to be terrorists. The use of the armed forces in foreign and civil wars was not included in the resolution to prevent their use being defined as an act of terror (SAUL, 2005). The agenda has, after a number of starts and stops since the 1937 resolution, returned to the United Nations. Since almost all international action into other states in this last 10 years has some way been connected or has been implied to be connected to terrorist actions, it is of little surprise (PETERSON, 2004). The growth of international conventions which have yet to bring about a universal legal basis gives a great deal of guidance and a strong start in the search for a definition, but has failed to create the sought after legal framework. It is also important to note that with a change in administration within the United States which has changed US foreign policy from unilateral action to that of multilateral approaches has also brought about a need for the hegemonic powers to define who the universal enemy is as predicted by Jorg Friedrich (FRIEDRICHS, 2006) and that a floating and independent definition of who the enemy is no longer serves the purposes of the coalition of th e willing, a group that were unable to even decide who the common enemy was. A definition that explains who the universal enemy to all states is (i.e. al Qaeda) will greatly enhance states ability to combat it (FRIEDRICHS, 2006), allow Terrorism researchers to focus their efforts on moving past the exploratory stage of research and allow all to generate theories on explaining and preventing further terror events. As Silke states, What is terrorism? What makes a terrorist act? What makes a group a terrorist group? These are such basic questions; and yet satisfactory answers continue to elude the field (SILKE, 2004a). Until we are able to answer these questions, terrorism research will be confined to the exploratory and descriptive stages of research. FASHIONABLE FADS It is of no surprise that Schmid and Jongman identify 1968 as the year in which interest in terrorism grew in the academic and lay community and it is of little surprise that the level of interest has grown massively with continuous references to the events of 9/11 (GORDON, 2004). Many academics from other disciplines will have identified terrorism as an interesting field of study to begin to analyse from their own perspective and their own particular specialism. Andrew Silke identifies these individuals as transient authors (SILKE, 2004a) and notes that over 80% of terrorism research articles were from one-timers (SILKE, 2004b), who applied their subject expertise to the new fashionable fad of terrorism studies. Avishag Gordon also discusses the issue of transient authors in great detail, stating that Terrorism as a research field lacks constancy and the commitment of researchers to the field (GORDON, 2007), a sentiment shared by Silke who states that they are simply after a one-off publication and have no real interest in the field (SILKE, 2004a). Silke also writes about Ariel Merari who is particularly scathing towards contributors who are unfamiliar with terrorism research. It is said that usually a contribution of this kind is well-grounded in the empirical and theoretical findings of the writers particular area of expertise, but lacking in knowledge in terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (MERARI, 1991). It is perhaps understandable to see where these seasoned terrorism researchers are coming from; Silkes study in 2004 following on from Schmid and Jongmans study in 1988, shows that over 75% of works from 1990-1999 comes from authors whose backgrounds are political sciences, government departments, consultancy, sociology and psychology respectively (SILKE, 2004b). However, it is perhaps a little short sighted to simply write off one-time contributors to the field as people who simply felt that had something to contribute to the juicy subject of terrorism (MERARI, 1991). Instead, we can quickly identify areas in which these outside disciplines have considerably strengthened the field of terrorism studies. First of all, let us consider the motivations and backgrounds of those who study terrorism as their main subject of interest. Many are Military personnel, police officers, Government Officials and spies; all who, in some regards, deal with terrorism as some aspect of their job. Their interest in this subject comes from their desire to improve their capacity to work within their vocation, but what are they likely to bring to the debate? Most may bring a good deal of experience to the subject but experience is not something terrorism researchers are lacking; it is an understanding of the psychology, sociology and economics that motivate an individual to resort to terrorism. Military units are well known for their failures in dealing with civilian populations; the United States militarys inability to quell insurgency in Vietnam and their heavy handedness in Iraq after the 2003 which generated a near civil-war are two easy examples to find. And this is not simply a US military problem. R ussian actions in Chechnya, Israeli actions in Palestine and British actions in Aden are three other examples of how militaries failed to understand the causes, and thus create resolutions too, the problems they faced. As a result, any research which brings a fresh and unexpected look and well grounded in the empirical and theoretical (MERARI, 1991) would bring knowledge and primary source information into the field which would otherwise not exist. They also bring with them greater knowledge of empirical analysis Secondly, statistics do not always speak the whole truth. Though there are admittedly a large number of one-off contributors to the field since 2000, many authors have actually combined their knowledge of psychology, sociology and economics with that of terrorism to move their research on from the exploratory stage of research and into the explanatory. For example Walter Enders and Todd Sandler have co-written numerous articles and works on the subjects of terrorism and its effects on economics, tourism and transnational policies for dealing with terrorism. Enders and Sandler are also not alone in bringing knowledge from other disciplines into the field. Gordon discusses the research of another academic, who look into transient researchers in other fields to see how many conduct continuous research. Hawkins in 1978, who analysed the literature of Gas Compounds, discovered that only 4.7% of researchers continued to study in the field for more than ten years, compared with 66.4% who co ntributed only for one year (GORDON, 2007). Despite the protestations of Silke, Merari and even Gordon himself, Gordon appears to have shown that terrorism studies is not alone in the number of transient academics who contribute. Since 2001, it has also been financially easier for researchers to get funding from state sources, as the needs of governments to counter the rise of Terrorism is able to generate a new host of researchers who will stick with the subject (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008) Thirdly, as Meadows describes in 1998, who sees intellectual mobility as an inevitable trend that marks the rise of new topics in the sciences (GORDON, 2007) which can bring new subjects and new areas unbeknown otherwise to the fore. Leydesdorff Wagner go further to say that continuant authors are the core of the field of research. They attract transient authors to contribute to the field, bringing new information (LEYDESDORFF WAGNER, 2005). It should then be considered a strength to terrorism studies in which transient authors decide to contribute to the field of study by bringing in expertise in the disciplines of economics, psychology and sociology, knowledge which would either be left out from studies or would slow down the progress of terrorism research as academics spend more term learning the details of other disciplines. It can be seen that many of these authors do become continuant authors, as the likes of Enders and Sandler have shown. THE GOOD AND THE EVIL Perhaps one of the greatest failing of Terrorism is studies is explaining why individuals and groups feel the need to resort to Terror through a theoretical basis. Gaetano Ilardi suggests that the focus of terrorism studies has been lost as researchers become focused on areas of less concern, which importantly has prevented the development of a sound theoretical understanding of the dynamics of terrorism (ILARDI, 2004). The basis for this assumption, which Richard Jackson (JACKSON, 2007) concurs with, is that Terrorism studies has been distracted by a so-called New Terrorism (JACKSON, 2007) since September 11th, which has gripped the attention of the world at large through a them-and-us perception of good and evil. Ilardi points out Bush used the word evil eleven times on his 11th October 2001 speech (ILARDI, 2004) to point the new war on terror as simply a battle against good and evil. It is of no surprise then, that 90% of Terrorism scholarly articles have been written since Septem ber 11th (SHEPHERED, 2007) This debate on good against evil in the war on terror has long been criticised as preventing further development at the political level. As challenges in Iraq grew in 2005/06, the Iraq study group noted that Many Americans are dissatisfied, not just with the situation in Iraq but with the state of our political debate regarding Iraqà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Our country deserves a debate that prizes substance over rhetoric. (IRAQ STUDY GROUP, 2006). As many reports on Terror and Terrorists is written from an us perspective from Governmental and Security departments of Western nations, the general assumption that Western democratic way of living is the right way (HUNTINGDON, 1997) has resulted in policy makers and Terror researchers believing that Western democracy can solve Terror problems in other countries, which Huntingdon described as the West and the rest (HUNTINGDON, 1997). Ilardi points out that the USA and its Western allies believe in their core values of law, democracy, freedom and pe ace (ILARDI, 2004) and also shows how the Bush era rhetoric rarely discusses the war on terror and democracy as separate issues. The inability to separate foreign policy and the exportation of Western democracy from the fundamentals of Terrorism research has prevented the field from maturing beyond a comic book perception of Good Vs. Evil. This rhetoric prevents researchers from developing an understanding of, for example, bin Laden as a declaration of evil absolves the need for Western states to understand their decisions, reasons and policies (ILARDI, 2004). It encourages fear, bias and obscures the root of the problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and denies the perpetrator even the slightest degree of legitimacy, so their grievances are at best incidental (ILARDI, 2004). This moralistic perspective, as described by Dr Richard Jackson, is deeply antithetical to scientific inquiry, which calls for a more dispassionate and less moralistic analysis of the evidence (JACKSON, 2007). Such an approach would not only assist with the finding of a definition, but also finally quell the most over-stated phrase in Terrorism studies that ones terrorist is anothers freedom fighter, a statement which hugely over-simplifies the difficulties faced by students of Terrorism. In order to move the Terrorism debate forward, Jackson suggests a move away from Orthodox Terrorism Studies (which is branded by (1) its poor methods and theories, (2) its state centricity, (3) its problem solving orientation, and (4) its institutional and intellectual links to state security projects) and towards Critical Terrorism Studies (JACKSON, 2007), which, as the name suggest, a far more skeptical approach to current assumed Terrorism knowledge (Jackson, 2007). Jacksons argument can be seen to support the inclusion of experts in other fields delivering fresh perspectives, compared to that of Silke, Merari and Gordon who are far more snobbish when it comes to transients. In response to Jacksons criticisms, Horgan and Boyle (2008) indicate that most scholars are well aware of the difficulties faced with Terrorism research, writing An implicit presumption from this is that terrorism scholars have laboured for all of these years without being aware that their area of study has an implicit bias, as well as definitional and methodological problems (HORGAN AND BOYLE, 2008). However, Horgan and Boyles argument does not deal with the problem at hand; if the issues in Terrorism studies are based around a moralistic bias, a lack of definitions and failures in methodology it is not excusable to simple mention that researchers are aware of these difficulties without attempting to overcome them. This habit of making excuses for Terrorism research failures appears to be quite common, with Weinberg and Eubank writing Andrew Silke, Marc Sageman, Alex Schmid and a long list of other investigators have called our attention to significant and long-term flaws in how ter rorism has been studied since the phenomenon itself reappeared in the 1960s (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008). The critics of Critical Terrorism Studies put forward by Jackson appear to be far more concerned with protecting the Orthodox methods of research (which will be discussed in detail next in this essay), despite recognising its flaws, instead of working to overcome them. If they are widely recognized by a wide number of researchers and authors, why are they still so prominent? The last aspect of the Good Vs. Evil debate is the question of State Terror. Ever since the League of Nations convention ruled out the State as being capable of committing Terror, it has been a limited area of study. Jackson highlights this, saying Of particular concern is that, with only a few notable exceptions, terrorism studies has failed to engage with the issues and practices of state terrorism (JACKSON, 2007). Andrew Silke in his 2004 study shows that only 12 out of 490 journals addressed the question of State Terror (SILKE, 2004b). As the growth in Terrorism studies has been funded by a need from Governmental organisations and security services focused on the states needs against opposing organisations, this is not a surprise. Working that Terrorism and its definition is useful for the state itself, it is only post-September 11th that the US and its Western allies have at all been interested in State Terror, as it would allow them to cry out against nations which, according t o them, Terrorise their own population (Iran is an excellent example here). Weinberg and Eubank argue against Jackson, saying The critical terrorism studies claims about the ideological bias and state-centric nature of conventional terrorism studies seems complex and requires a more extended reaction (WEINBERG AND EUBANK, 2008). However, once again the supporters of Orthodox Terrorism Studies appear to have missed the point; researchers should not be relying solely on Governments sponsoring research in their fight against the Evil in the world as the Good Guys. They should instead be taking an objective and empirical approach to analysing the causes and solutions to Terrorism, avoid a state-centric angle which would prevent the Good Vs. Evil debate and finally rid us of the freedom fighters and terrorists statement. Shepherd, Jessica, The Rise and Rise of Terrorism Studies, The Guardian (2007) The Iraq Study Group, (2006) The Iraq Study Group Report, Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, December Jackson, Richard, The core commitments of critical terrorism studies, European political science: (2007) LEYDESDORFF WAGNER, Network structure, self-organization, and the growth of international collaboration in science, George Washington University Center for International Science and Technology Policy (2005) Merari, Ariel, Terrorism and Political Violence, Volume 3, Issue 1 Spring 1991 , pages 88 102 Schmid, Alex and Jongman, Albert, Political Terrorism: a New Guide To Actiors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction books, 1988). Robson, Colin, Real World Research (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) Silke, Andrew, (A) Research on Terrorism in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) Silke, Andrew, (B) The Road Less Travelled in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) Ilardi, G. (2004) Redefining the Issues: The Future of Terrorism Research and the Search for Empathy, in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) United Nations Security Council Resolution S-RES-1566(2004) in 2004 (retrieved 06/01/2010) Gordon, AVISHAG, Terrorism and Knowledge Growth: A Databases and Internet Analysis in A. Silke (ed.) Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures (London: Portland, 2004) Gordon, AVISHAG, Transient and continuant authors in a research field: The case of terrorism, Scientometrics, Vol. 72, No. 2 (2007) 213-224 FRIEDRICHS, JORG, Defining the International Public Enemy: The Political Struggle behind the Legal Debate on International Terrorism (Leiden Journal of International Law, 19 2006), de Waal, Thomas, Chechnya: War on terror legends debunked, (Index on Censorship www.indexonline.org, November 18, 2004) 1937 League Convention, in International Conference Proceedings, supra n. 32, annex I, p. 5; and 1937 Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court, in International Conference Proceedings, supra, n. 32. Peterson, M. J. , Using the General Assembly, in J. Boulden and T. G.Weiss (eds.), Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11 (2004) Coady, C. A. J., Terrorism, Encyclopedia of Ethics, Lawrence C . Becker (ed.) (New York: Garland, 2001). Weinberg, Leonard and Eubank, William(2008) Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1: 2, 185 195 Horgan, John and Boyle, Michael J.(2008) A case against Critical Terrorism Studies, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1: 1, 51 64

Loves Labours Lost Essay -- Plays Shakespeare Papers

Love's Labour's Lost The Elizabethans thought of it merely as "a wittie and pleasant comedie" ; Samuel Johnson remarked that "all the editors have concurred to censure [it]" ; and William Hazlitt opined, "If we were to part with any of the author's comedies, it should be this." It was not until well into the twentieth century that Love's Labour's Lost really came into its own, and this fact alone may be enough to make a case for it as Shakespeare's most forward-looking play. It is its ending in particular, an unexpectedly grim conclusion in which nothing is actually concluded, that has appealed to modern sensibilities and made Love's Labour's Lost the Shakespeare play for the twentieth century. Trevor Nunn makes this point emphatically in a recent National Theatre production that presents Love's Labour's Lost as a tale of society's passage out of the nineteenth century in the devastation of World War I. Though neither this idea nor any other aspect of his production is entirely novel, it emerges as possi bly the darkest interpretation of the play yet presented, taking the disturbing qualities that have so delighted modern audiences and pressing them to their limits and beyond. Reading the play now, it seems hard to believe that the unusualness of the ending could have gone apparently unnoticed for so long. With the stage set for the usual comedic ending of multiple marriages, the news of the Princess's father's death comes as a complete shock: Marcadà © enters at a moment of such carefree mirth that the Princess playfully chides him, "thou interruptest our merriment" (5.2.712). A moment later, his news is told and the atmosphere of the play has noticeably changed, as Berowne himself acknowledges when he says, "The scene begin... ...ns. Ultimately, Nunn succeeds in making his dark vision of Love's Labour's Lost convincing, and in using the play to make the usual points (the fleeting nature of happiness and happy endings, the necessity of confronting difficult realities, the inevitability of death) with exceptional force. But these triumphs come at the price of two priceless aspects of Shakespeare's ending: its unanticipated overthrow of audience expectations and its startlingly modern open-endedness. Bibliography Gilbert, Miriam. Love's Labour's Lost. Shakespeare in Performance Series. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993. Holland, Peter. English Shakespeares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Peter, John. "Growing Pains," Sunday Times, Feb. 2003, p. 19. Woudhuysen, H. R., ed. Love's Labour's Lost. 3rd series. London: The Arden Shakespeare, 1998.

That Was Then, This Is Now :: essays research papers

That Was Then, This Is Now 1.The perceive that were having a rough time financially because of their constant obsession with hustling, petty and sometimes not so petty crimes. The first clue was how the pair couldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t They were also very serious about their hustling and stealing. Judging by the way they scope out the vulnerable people and the amount of time they spend doing it, it seems they ¡Ã‚ ¯re not doing this for the fun fooling and scamming people. ( ¡Ã‚ °Mark, who was scouting out the two guys playing pool, came up and sat down to say there ain ¡Ã‚ ¯t nobody here to hustle. Pg.10). Since they spend a lot of time stealing and hustling it sends the message that they need a lot of money as soon as possible and that the little that they have is quickly running out. In fact, the very first and last paragraph in the first chapter was all about how Bryon and Mark are planning to go to the pool hall and hustle ( ¡Ã‚ °Mark and me went down to the bar/pool hall about two or three blocks away from wh ere we lived with the sole intention of making money. ¡Ã‚ ± Pg.9). When Bryon was unable to pay for a coke and the fact that he only had a dime on him suggested that he didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have much money (page 10). Also, when Mark told bartender Charlie to charge it to his bill, it demonstrated that the boys didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have a steady flow of money and that they were going from steal to steal just like how some people live from paycheck to paycheck. Bryon mentioned that his mother was in the hospital and had to have a very expensive operation. It was so expensive that they had to sell most of the little that they had. Including their transportation, a probably cheap and old Chevy; their television; and practically anything they can live without. Yet they are still short of money and the boys are forced to find jobs. Especially Bryon because what he made from hustling wasn ¡Ã‚ ¯t enough and he didn ¡Ã‚ ¯t like to still anything other than a pack of cigarettes. Bryon ended being unable to contribute as much as he wished when he said he had an extremely difficult time finding a job. 2. Bryon has trouble with authority because of a bad personal experience with them. Bryon was beaten by two cops who found him drunk and took him to a remote area and left him there afterwards.

white fang Essay -- essays research papers

During Jack London’s life he has written many great novels, perhaps the greatest was White Fang. In 1906 he wrote the legendary novel about a stray wolf reverting to domestication. The majority of this book concerns White Fangs’ struggles with savage nature, Indians, dogs and white men. However, we also see White Fang is tamed by love and turns from a savage wolf into a loving and domesticated dog. White Fang begins with two men traveling through the artic with a dog team and sled, followed by a pack of famished wolves who pick off the dogs, one by one at night and eventually gets one of the men. The point of view then shifts to wolves and stays with them for nearly the entire story. â€Å"Over Jack London life he has wrote many books with Darwin's popular ideas in mind, particularly White Fang1 †. The process of "natural selection" means that only the strongest, brightest, and most adaptable elements of a species will survive. This idea is embodied by the character, White Fang. From the onset, he is the strongest wolf cub, the only one of the litter to survive the famine. His strength and intelligence make him the most feared dog in the Indian camp. While defending Judge Scott, Weedon Scott’s father, White Fang takes three bullets but is miraculously able to survive. One element of the book one might overlook is White Fang's ability to adapt to any new circumstances and somehow survive. He learns how to fight the other dogs, he learns to obey new masters, he learns to fight under the evil guidance of Beauty and, finally, he learns to love and be tamed by Weedon Scott. In the novel White Fang by Jack London, the main character learns to adapt to its surroundings ultimately leading to his domestication. There are many ways that the wild has influenced White Fang throughout his life. The beginning of this novel gives us one glimpse into the possible "other life" for White Fang. London chooses to show us the development White Fang, from a scientific perspective. â€Å"He compares the puppies to plants, and shows how even without consciousness; they are drawn toward the light2†. He also shows us White Fangs exploration of the outside - he thinks that he could walk on water, but then learns that it moves and is wet, and learns that it’s a stream. His descriptions show us the world as a wolf-pup. We understand what London means by the "wall of ligh... ...ng to his domestication. White Fang is tamed by love and turns from a savage wolf into a loving and home-keeping dog. However through the incident in San Francisco we can see that White Fang can easily revert back to his old ways. During the ending of the novel an incident occurs when a convict, Jim Hall, breaks into Judge Scott's home to "wreak vengeance" on the man who "railroaded" him into prison. Judge Scott's life is saved by White Fang, who very nearly loses his own life before slashing the throat of the killer. Jim Hall is a mad dog that must be destroyed for the safety of respectable citizens. In his encounter with the convict, White Fang has suffered several bullet wounds and is critically injured. But White Fang beats the odds and lives to be christened; the Scott family now calls him â€Å"The Blessed Wolf†. He lives, because of his extraordinary natural toughness, and his legacy of the wild, thus this shows the great power that is his, the p ower that he relaxes into love and ease but still keeps ready in case there is need for it in the treacherous world. Most of this book concerns White Fang’s struggles with savage nature, Indians, dogs, and white men.

Prejudice Definition Essay

During the process of communication the vast majority of people judge cultural values in their own image and likeness. Their ethnic and cultural values serve as a criterion for judgment. Really, it is slightly confusing but the main reason for watching the foreign programming is to let the viewer ‘feel’ ethnocentrism. Some things or even an overwhelming majority of what you will see in the foreign film of program will feel a bit ‘off’ or even downright ‘wrong’ for an average American. This feeling occurs due to ethnocentrism. The paper examines how such an attitude can have influence on an individual’s behavior and response from another culture, how society wide ethnocentrism can affect relationships and understandings of other societies, and how it can have an adverse impact on business practices for multinational corporations. Japanese version of the foreign film â€Å"Shall We Dance† will be used as an illustration for some aspects of the paper. Ethnocentrism is a psychological reaction, which occurs when a representative of one culture perceives, sees, values and tries to understand other cultures and their behaviors through prism of his own culture. The person considers the elements of his own culture (standards, roles, values, etc) as natural and â€Å"right†, while the elements of other cultures and nations are considered to be unnatural and â€Å"wrong†. The customs and traditions of his own culture are considered to be â€Å"universal† and â€Å"right† as well. The film â€Å"Shall We Dance† by Masayuki Suo tells us the story of Shohei Sugiyama, who falls in love but not in other woman (being married), but in the art of dancing. When we watch the film, we feel the differences between Japanese and American cultures. Japanese culture seems to be very odd, alien and strange, as the world of dance socials and private lessons is considered ‘shameful’ and ‘improper’ for a Japanese person. The film gets insight into Japanese customs and traditions, explaining that in Japan married couples are more reserved in relation to each other and rarely express their emotions in public (e.g. never say ‘I love you’, or hold hands, etc.). The American nation, on contrary, is more emotional and more ‘open’, therefore we feel really odd while watching the movie. The ethnocentrism that occurs in result of watching the foreign programming evidently has an impact on our behavior. Probably, to a certain extent we are unable to understand the behavior of other cultures in a manner different from that one dictated by our own cultural environment. So, how such an attitude can have influence on a person’s behavior and response from another culture and how society wide ethnocentrism can affect relationships and understandings of other societies? As with any social-psychological phenomenon, ethnocentrism cannot be examined as entirely positive or entirely negative. Although ethnocentrism often put obstacles in the way of intergroup (intercultural) communication, it supports positive ethnical identity and keeps the integrity and specificity peculiar to a certain culture. At the same time, ethnocentrism is inevitable part of our live being a logical consequence of socialization and familiarization with another culture and understandings of other societies. The person’s response predominantly occurs in the form of comparison – a peaceful nonidentity. Yet, ethnocentrism can have an adverse impact on business practices for multinational corporations, because it often impedes effective intergroup (interethnic and international) communication (Allport 1954). Interethnic comparison can be expressed in the form of contraposition or setting off (e.g. the people deny intercultural differences; proclaim their culture to be superior; sometimes people perceive cultural differences as something that imposes a threat to their existence and try to withstand them, often resulting in conflicts between different cultures, etc) that, in its turn, implies at least preconception and prejudice in relation to other cultures and has an adverse impact on business practices for multinational corporations. References Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday

Racial Inequality Can Be Resolved Using No Violence

Looking at society is it easy to identify many global issues circulating the world in our present day. These issues extend from sexual and racial differences to religious affairs to, finally, larger conflicts such as proceeding wars. The aim of this project is to focus on one global issue that in some way directly influences me and has a somewhat negative impact. Once identifying the issue and analyzing it I am to research on two identities that have, in the past, been faced with the same issue and attempted to solve it. I am to analyze their methods concluding weather they’ve been successful or not. Taking many affairs into consideration I have concluded to one problem that is most closely linked to my everyday life and me. This problem is racial discrimination. It does not affect me directly as I have never lived in a society where my race was discriminated against however I have lived among a diversity of races and have seen the impact it has on my closer friends. Having chosen the topic I wish to explore I have then formulate my problem into a question which states; How can racial equality be increased using non-violent methods? I have chosen to formulate my question like this because I cannot say that I live in an environment that fully discriminates and degrades racial differences however I can say that it is not an environment and society that is completely oblivious to racial differences as in an ideal situation it should be. I have chosen to explore this problem as I grew up in a multi-racial society where racial discrimination was never a factor as race was completely neglected and everyone seemed to be equal. Moving to my current society I have found that it is not the case and the racial majority here seems to be the white and has very limited views on other races. I found that this could be due to the lack of interaction with other races and find it disturbing as I expected people to be more open minded and less primitive on the situation. As I go to an international school I’d expect the racial tolerance to be higher than amongst people who do not however I was surprised to see racial injustice amongst some of my classmates. I have chosen this problem as even though I am among the majority, according to my race, I am still affected by how the minority is mistreated. Seeing as this is also a global problem I have chosen two personalities who have in the past been faced with this problem and attempted in solving it. My first identity is Martin Luther King Jr. as he fought for the civil rights of African Americans using non-violent methods. And my second identity is Nelson Mandela as he fought against the Apartheid in Africa, persisting nonviolent methods to their full extent. I chose Martin Luther King Jr. as one of my personalities as he fought for racial equality for African Americans in the United States, using nonviolent methods, and Mahatma Ghandi as an influence. He fought through campaigns and in organizations, using strictly no violence, in attempt to achieve his goal, civil rights for African Americans, first in the United States then globally. Nelson Mandela is my second choice, as he fought for his goal over many decades, not necessarily without violence, however with determination to achieve it no matter if it began to seem impossible. Both personalities have had a great impact in the world and have become iconic figures of what they fought for, this is the major reason I chose them and not anyone else. They have gained a title with their name and this is what makes them significant and relevant to this problem. Analysis Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15th 1929 and lived till April 4th 1968, dying at an early age of 39. He was an activist fighting for civil rights of African Americans living in the US at that time. In 1955 he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was a political and social protest campaign whose aim was to oppose the Montgomery city policy of segregating the racially different in public transportation. Two years later, in 1957, he assisted the foundation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, of which he became the president. The SCLC is a civil rights organization, which was a huge part of the Civil Rights Movement at that time fighting for the civil rights of African Americans. In 1963 a political rally was held in support of the economical and civil rights of African Americans, it was called the March on Washington, in which Martin Luther King held his â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech outlining racial equality and proposing an end to discrimination. King also tried to expand American values ad include the vision of a ‘colour-blind’ society, which according to his terms was a society oblivious to skin colour and race creating equality for everyone. Subsequently to the speech in 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Piece Price for his engagement in the end to racial segregation and discrimination through civil disobedience and in a peaceful manner. After this he resumed his contributions to help end poverty and stop the then occurring Vietnam War. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th 1968 the third Monday of each January is celebrated as a U. S. Federal holiday since 1986. Nelson Mandela is a South African born on July 18th 1918. In 1942 he qualified in law from the University of Witwatersrand and joined the African National Congress only two years later. The National Party supported the apartheid policy of racial segregation and won the 1948 election becoming the ruling party in South Africa. After this time Mandela became more active in participating in politics. In 1952 the ANC organizes the Defiance Campaign, which promoted equality amongst South Africans providing full civil rights. This he followed with the Congress of the People in 1955. This also outlined the importance of equality among South African People provided the basis of the anti-apartheid cause. Simultaneously Mandela and Oliver Tambo (1) commenced and operated a law firm providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who lacked any professional representation. Like Martin Luther King Jr. Mandela was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s teachings of non-violent resistance, as were the following generations of South African anti-apartheid activists. In 1956 Mandela was arrested for treason and was on trail until 1961 when he was finally freed from criminal charge. In 1960 Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the African National Congress, which in June 1961 was finally agreed to. This is how the Umkhonto we Sizwe was formed. This was nothing mor e than an armed wing of the ANC, which fought against the apartheid government. In 1962 Mandela was once again arrested however this time sentenced to five years imprisonment only to be tried with plotting to overthrow the government by violence the following year. With this he was sentenced to lifetime imprisonment. From 1964 till 1982 Mandela was imprisoned at Robben Island Prison, just off the coast of Cape Town. Even during his imprisonment Mandela’s reputation grew as the most significant black leader in South Africa and as the symbol of resistance the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength. His refusal to compromise his political position over his freedom was constant from which his popularity grew even more vastly. On February 11th 1990 Mandela was released after which he immediately returned to his life’s goals that he had set four decades earlier. He served as the South African president from 1994 till 1999. Conclusion It is evident to conclude that in his short lifetime and even shorter time of being active Martin Luther King Jr. accomplished a lot as he had aimed to. It is unfortunate that his death came so soon as he might have been able to proceed with more changes in the world. Mandela also spent a lot of his life fighting for what he believed in, granted not always peacefully, and however unlike King Mandela did spend 27 years in prison, coming out with even more will power and reason to pursue his goals. Both men deserve the recognition they gained and are good role models and identities for this project. It is evident that King fully succeeded in using non violent methods to pursue his goal however the two identities were placed in two different positions, one with more ‘freedom’ one with less, to fight for the same goal. Yet looking back at the times it is evident that the situation for Mandela seemed to be a lot harder hence resulting in him using violence to a certain extent. Solution Campaign methods have proven to be the most widely used in the past and somehow the most successful however the key to their success is the involvement of the government in the issuing of new policies. In our community there an interracial relationship is not banned neither is the use of any public or private factors between the races. Each and every race is regarded as an equal and there is no policy saying otherwise. Yet the factor of racial discrimination is still present, this is not as extreme as it used to be and was presented in Mandela and King’s case however the racial prejudice stands between the actual members of the community. This prejudice most commonly consists of verbal accusations with some violent occurrences however no major events have been marked. Therefore enforcing a campaign to acquire new laws and policies would be pointless, as this would not change anything. This racial prejudice is mostly expressed in schools amongst younger generations and therefore this is where it should be suppressed. As my solution against this problem I would enrol punishments to students who racially discriminate against others. I would enforce the punishment not to be too mild as this will lead to no future change. In my opinion is a child is racially violated in a classroom or in the presence of a teacher they should be sent out preceding a warning. If this behaviour is repeated the student’s inflicting the crime parents should be called in for consultation. This may seem harsh however racial prejudice has a great impact on one person and completely banishing it should be practiced. On a wider scale to encourage the presence of other races the government should enforce the translation of crucial signs and notices as for the foreigners to understand. On a larger scale not much can be done to punish a verbal offender however violence for racial discrimination should be punished. As I mentioned before this issue is not so serious amongst my community outside school and only action to encourage an interracial community can be encouraged.

Change management simulation Essay

As the rapid development of modern economy and the increasingly fierce market competition, the demand of how to manage organization change is increasing. Especially for leaders in both large and small companies, the ability of dealing with change is so significant. In many case, the main reason for company bankruptcy is that leaders fail to cope with organization environment change properly. The demise of many fortune 500 companies in the 1980s and 1990s suggests that the leaders of these companies were ineffective in responding to changes in the business environment; they were unable to overcome rigidities in their firms until it was too late. (Beer, M. & N. Nohria. 2000) In order to improve my learning about managing organization change, I did change management simulation four days ago. Then I am going to talk about the detail of my stimulation. In this simulation, I was the CEO of Spectrum Sunglass Company. For this company, the future is bright due to the growing sunglass market. However, from many professional articles I read, I learned that sustainable development is significant for business, our company should offer some new sunglass products to customers who concern about Spectrum’s environmental impact. Moreover, new products can also differentiate our products from competitors’ and provide us more sales opportunities. But unfortunately, some of my colleagues doesn’t agree with my points, the CFO of my company thinks green raw materials may be so expensive that will influence the profit margins of Spectrum. Then my  mission is to persuade Spectrum’s managers to adopt my proposal. PROCESS RECORDING Week 0 – Week 2 Firstly, I conducted private interviews, I interview Michelle Barth, the executive assistant; Nancy Kerr, the director of product innovation and Yao Li, the director of process innovation. For my assistant, I think I should discuss with her first if I have a proposal. And the other two people are in innovation department, it’s easier for them to accept my opinion than others. After that, I told a ‘success’ story to the three same people to convince them deeply and hope them help me persuade other colleagues. Successful diversity need strong commitment from top management. (Beer, M., R. A. Eisenstat, & B. Spector, 1990) Week 3 to Week 5 In the third week, I issued an email notice to the whole company to tell them my opinion and obtain initial feedback from them. I think it’s important to let them understand my opinion and persuade them to support my opinion. Then I hold town hall meetings to talk about my opinion face to face, to know my colleague’s opinion, after that week, walk the talk was followed. Week 7 – Week 9 In the seventh week, I got the consultant’s support, at this time, the people who was interested in my opinion was greatly increased. From the seventeenth week to the ninety week, I provide both external skill-building and internal skill-building to some people in our organization, the purpose is to let them know well about the skill that my proposal needs and make them believe the advantage of my proposal, after these two levers I used, some people began to adopt my proposal. I think these two levers are effective. Week 13 In the thirtieth week, I announced goals and deadlines of Spectrum. I told my company my determination to change, to produce new products. After that, five people began to try my opinion. Week 23 Ten weeks later, I revised reward system, I hope I can use a special way to let them know the significance of changing. After that, I repeated to use the former effective levers to persuade my colleagues. Week 64 – Week 65 In the sixty four week, I posted progress reports of my company, to show the development of the new product, two more people adopted my proposal. At this time, I have already achieved most people’s adoption, in order to convince more people, I decided to continue my work. I also conducted pilot project the following week, I want to see the marketing condition of the new sunglass product, to find its drawbacks and relative developing ways. Week 74 – Week 75 In the seventy four week, I privately confront resister Louise Orysh to ask his opinion about new products and why she doesn’t adopt it, to know the weakness of the new product and how to reform. Then I restructured organization the following week. Week 91 – Week 93 During the ninety one to ninety three weeks, I provided internal skill-building and external building again, and then, my initiative achieved all the managers’ adoption. CHANGING MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT Now I will assess my work. As a change agent, I have 20 adopters of sustainability initiative in the management team at Spectrum, I persuaded all the managers adopt my proposal successfully. I have succeed in bringing about a significant organization change and creating a bright future for both Spectrum and the environment. So, I think I am an effective change agent. But I also have some deficiencies on my changing management practices. Although I attained 20 adaptors, I spend 93 weeks to get this result, it’s really a long time. The change efficiency ratio is only 0.22. I have to say my work is effective but not efficient, I still need to shorten working time to improve change efficiency. The flexibility and speed is also important in changing management. (Kanter, R. M., B. Stein & T. D. Jick. 1992.) From managing organizational change, I learned that the need for knowledge about how to manage organization change efficiently and effectively is continually rising. If there was a code that could unlock our understanding how change might best be changed, it hadn’t yet be broken. (Beer, M. & N. Nohria. 2000) But break the code may be not the best way to  manage change. The core of organization change is that change what is invalid and remain what is effective. A successful organization know how to overcome the antibody of refusing innovation, seize appropriate opportunities and avoid risks. Furthermore, the central challenge is not strategy, not systems, not culture. These elements and many others can be very important, but the core problem without question is behavior. (Kotter, J. & D. Cohen. 2002.) So changing behavior is the core of changing organization management. Revitalization is one kind of organization change, it involves enhancing the abilities of and contributions made by, managers, workers, and the organization sa a whole to cope with an increasingly competitive environment. (Beer, M. 1990) In summary, I still have some deficiency during this change management simulation. For next time I am going to lead change, when I catch up with a changing opinion, I will notice all the company managers about it, to seek for their advisements. The core of organization changing is human’s behavior, if they agree with my initiative, it’s easy to change their behaviors. I think I should give every manager an equal chance to learn about my proposal and state their own opinion, this way is more acceptable for the managers. So I will hold town meeting first. Moreover, I would like to take some measures to persuade managers adopt my proposal, such as clarify organizational values and conduct private interviews. Finally, I will provide internal skill-building and external skill-building to the rest managers who still doesn’t agree with me, and I can also privately confront resisters to ask the reason he disagree with me. I think through improving what I listed above, I will enhance the efficiency of changing management and achieve most adaptors in shortest time. Reference Beer, M. 1990. The Critical Path to Corporate Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Beer, M., R. A. Eisenstat, and B. Spector. 1990. Why change programs don’t produce change. Harvard Business Review (November–December): 2-11. Beer, M., and N. Nohria. 2000. Breaking the Code of Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Kotter, J., and D. Cohen. 2002. The Heart of Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Kanter, R. M., B. Stein, and T. D. Jick. 1992. The Challenge of Organizational Change: How Companies Experience It and Leaders Guide It. New York: Free Press.